what colony was founded in 1638 by john wheelwright

Natashya

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23-12-2024

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John Wheelwright, a controversial Puritan minister, founded Exeter, New Hampshire in 1638. This wasn't a full-fledged colony in the same way Massachusetts Bay was, but rather a significant settlement that played a crucial role in the development of the region. Understanding the context of Wheelwright's exile and the subsequent establishment of Exeter is key to comprehending its historical significance.

The Antinomian Controversy and Wheelwright's Banishment

To understand Exeter's founding, we must first delve into the tumultuous religious climate of Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630s. Wheelwright, a charismatic preacher, found himself at the center of the Antinomian Controversy. This theological debate centered on the role of grace versus works in salvation. Wheelwright's teachings, perceived as undermining the established Puritan order, sparked intense conflict.

His sermons emphasized God's grace as the sole means of salvation, minimizing the importance of adherence to strict moral codes. This directly challenged the rigid religious authority of figures like John Winthrop, the governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. The controversy deepened, leading to Wheelwright's banishment from the colony in 1637.

The Founding of Exeter

Following his banishment, Wheelwright, along with other dissidents, journeyed north. They sought refuge and religious freedom beyond the reach of Massachusetts Bay's strict governance. In 1638, they established a settlement at Exeter, on land claimed by the native Penacook people. It's important to note that the establishment of the settlement wasn't without its challenges or controversies regarding land ownership. However, for the exiled Puritans, Exeter offered a haven.

This wasn't the creation of a new, independent colony in the way that Plymouth was founded earlier. It was, however, a key step towards expansion and a new center of religious expression and self-governance. Exeter quickly grew, attracting other individuals seeking a more tolerant religious environment. It became a significant part of New Hampshire’s developing frontier.

Exeter's Significance in New England History

Exeter's founding is significant for several reasons:

• Religious Freedom: It represented a space for religious dissenters. This freedom, though imperfect by modern standards, was a significant development in the early New England colonies. It showcased the growing desire for broader religious tolerance, a concept that would continue to evolve throughout the region’s history.
• Expansion of Settlement: The establishment of Exeter contributed to the westward expansion of English settlements in New England. It helped lay the groundwork for future growth in New Hampshire and the surrounding area.
• Challenges to Massachusetts Bay Authority: Exeter's creation directly challenged the authority of Massachusetts Bay Colony. It showed the limitations of their power and influence, particularly regarding religious matters. The fledgling settlement's survival and growth demonstrated that the Puritans' tight religious control could be challenged.

Though not a formally declared colony in the same manner as Massachusetts Bay, Exeter’s founding under John Wheelwright in 1638 marks a pivotal moment in early New Hampshire history, showcasing the impact of religious dissent and the ongoing quest for religious freedom in the early American colonies. The settlement's enduring legacy stands as a testament to the resilience of those seeking alternative religious practices.

Further Reading:

To delve deeper into this fascinating period of New England history, consider exploring these resources:

• Biographies of John Wheelwright: Several biographies offer in-depth accounts of Wheelwright's life and the Antinomian Controversy.
• Histories of Early New Hampshire: Books dedicated to the history of New Hampshire provide valuable context for understanding Exeter's place within the larger narrative.
• Primary Source Documents: Searching for primary source documents from the period can shed light on the daily lives and experiences of those who settled in Exeter.

By understanding the context of the Antinomian Controversy and Wheelwright's subsequent exile, we gain a fuller appreciation of the significance of Exeter's founding in 1638. It serves as a reminder of the complex religious and political dynamics that shaped early America.